Radiological Approaches in the Diagnosis and Management of Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern, often resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Accurate diagnosis and effective management are crucial for optimizing patient outcomes. Radiological imaging plays a pivotal role in the evaluation of TBI, providing essential insights into the nature and extent of brain injuries. This review explores the primary radiological modalities utilized in TBI assessment, including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), along with emerging imaging techniques. CT is typically the first-line imaging modality due to its rapid acquisition time and high sensitivity for detecting acute hemorrhagic events, skull fractures, and other critical findings. It is particularly effective in emergency settings, where timely diagnosis is essential for guiding immediate management decisions. However, while CT excels in identifying acute injuries, it may miss subtle brain damage, such as diffuse axonal injury, which MRI can detect. MRI offers superior soft tissue contrast and is increasingly utilized for evaluating persistent symptoms, assessing chronic TBI, and guiding rehabilitation efforts. Emerging imaging techniques, such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and functional MRI (fMRI), show promise in enhancing the understanding of TBI pathophysiology and guiding therapeutic interventions. DTI can assess white matter integrity, while fMRI provides insights into functional brain activity. The integration of these advanced imaging modalities into clinical practice can significantly influence treatment decisions, including the need for surgical intervention, monitoring for complications, and rehabilitation planning. This review aims to synthesize current evidence regarding the role of radiological approaches in the diagnosis and management of TBI, highlighting the importance of imaging in improving patient care. By understanding the strengths and limitations of various imaging modalities, healthcare providers can make informed decisions that enhance outcomes for individuals affected by traumatic brain injury.