The Role of Laboratory Testing in Hepatitis C Screening: Current Practices and Innovations

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant global health concern, affecting millions of individuals worldwide and often leading to severe liver disease if left untreated. Laboratory testing plays a crucial role in the screening, diagnosis, and management of HCV, serving as the first step in identifying infected individuals and guiding treatment decisions. Current practices primarily involve a two-step testing process, beginning with serological assays to detect antibodies against HCV, followed by confirmatory tests for HCV RNA to ascertain active infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine screening for all adults and at-risk populations to facilitate early detection and treatment. Recent innovations in laboratory testing have significantly improved the efficiency and accessibility of hepatitis C screening. Point-of-care (POC) testing has emerged as a transformative approach, allowing for rapid results in various settings, thus enhancing patient engagement and facilitating immediate linkage to care. Automated laboratory systems have streamlined testing processes, while advances in molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS), have increased sensitivity and specificity in detecting HCV. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, including barriers to access, cost considerations, and the stigma associated with hepatitis C. Addressing these issues is essential for improving screening rates and ensuring that individuals receive timely care. The integration of new technologies, such as telemedicine and digital health tools, offers promising avenues for enhancing screening efforts and expanding access to testing. This review highlights the critical role of laboratory testing in hepatitis C screening, examining current practices and innovations that are reshaping the landscape of HCV diagnosis and management. By focusing on improving testing accessibility and efficiency, public health initiatives can play a pivotal role in reducing the burden of hepatitis C globally and improving health outcomes for affected individuals.