The Role of Imaging Modalities on the Diagnosis and Management of Odontogenic Cysts

Abstract

Odontogenic cysts represent a significant portion of jaw pathologies encountered in clinical practice. These cystic lesions originate from epithelial remnants associated with the development of teeth and are typically classified into inflammatory or developmental types. Common examples include radicular cysts, dentigerous cysts, and odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), the latter being known for its aggressive behavior and high recurrence rate. The prevalence and diverse presentations of odontogenic cysts highlight the importance of accurate diagnosis and effective management [1].

The clinical presentation of odontogenic cysts varies widely, from asymptomatic radiographic findings to significant jaw swelling, pain, or even pathological fractures. Diagnosis is often challenging due to the overlap in radiographic appearances among different cyst types, as well as with other odontogenic and non-odontogenic lesions. This underscores the pivotal role of imaging modalities in identifying and characterizing these lesions. Beyond diagnosis, imaging is integral to treatment planning, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating post-treatment outcomes.

Historically, conventional imaging modalities such as intraoral radiography and panoramic radiography have been the mainstay for the evaluation of odontogenic cysts. These tools offer valuable initial insights but are often limited by their two-dimensional nature and inability to capture the complete extent of a lesion. The advent of advanced imaging techniques, including cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has revolutionized the diagnostic landscape. These modalities provide three-dimensional views, detailed anatomical relationships, and improved characterization of lesion properties [2,3].

Advancements in imaging technology, coupled with the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and low-dose imaging protocols, are further enhancing diagnostic precision while minimizing patient risks. These innovations promise to address key challenges, such as differentiating between cystic and solid lesions, assessing proximity to critical structures, and planning minimally invasive interventions [4].

This review aims to explore the role of imaging modalities in the diagnosis and management of odontogenic cysts. By synthesizing current literature, we examine the strengths and limitations of each imaging technique, discuss their clinical applications, and consider emerging technologies that are shaping the future of maxillofacial diagnostics and treatment.