Advances in Functional MRI: Applications in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract

Background: Functional neuroimaging has become a cornerstone in the study of brain activity, enabling non-invasive exploration of the brain's structure and function. Techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) have offered invaluable insights into the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes. fMRI, in particular, allows for detailed mapping of brain regions through blood oxygenation levels, while EEG captures electrical brain activity with high temporal resolution. These methods have revolutionized the understanding of neurological and psychiatric disorders, offering diagnostic and therapeutic potential.

Aim: This paper explores recent advancements in fMRI and EEG technologies, focusing on their applications in neurological and psychiatric disorders. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how these techniques are being applied to unravel the neural underpinnings of disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and depression.

Methods: A systematic review of the latest literature on fMRI and EEG advances was conducted, highlighting new methodologies, improved spatial and temporal resolutions, and their combined use in multimodal imaging. Key studies that illustrate the application of these technologies in clinical and research settings were analyzed.

Results: Recent technological advancements in fMRI, such as higher spatial resolution, real-time imaging, and multimodal integration, have expanded the understanding of brain connectivity and dysfunction. EEG developments, including high-density electrode arrays and real-time source localization, have enhanced the precision of tracking neural oscillations and brain connectivity. Together, these innovations have improved the diagnosis and treatment of various neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Conclusion: Advances in fMRI and EEG technologies have significantly enriched the study of brain function, particularly in understanding the pathophysiology of neurological and psychiatric disorders. These techniques have not only enhanced the spatial and temporal resolution of brain imaging but have also paved the way for personalized medicine in treating these conditions.