Prevalence and Risk Factors of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Nurses in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) among nurses in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A total of 678 pertinent publications were found after a comprehensive search across four databases. 334 full-text publications were examined after duplicates were eliminated using Rayyan QCRI and relevance was checked; eight studies finally satisfied the requirements for inclusion. Results: We included eight studies with a total of 1469 patients, and the majority 1299 (88.4%) were females. The prevalence of WRMSDs among Saudi nurses ranged from 61.7% to 100%, with an overall prevalence of 79.7% across the studies reviewed. Occupational factors include repetitive movements, prolonged standing, frequent bending, and patient lifting, particularly in physically demanding departments like emergency and critical care. Personal factors, such as being underweight, low physical fitness, and inadequate shift breaks, also exacerbate the risk. Additionally, long working hours, limited ergonomic resources, and the absence of workplace policies tailored to preventing WRMSDs further compound the problem. Conclusion: WRMSDs, especially low back pain, are a major health concern among nurses in Saudi Arabia, driven by physically demanding tasks and poor workplace ergonomics. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive interventions, including ergonomic improvements, training, and supportive workplace policies. Implementing such strategies will enhance nurse well-being, improve job satisfaction, and ultimately lead to better patient care. Future research should prioritize long-term studies and evaluate the effectiveness of preventive measures.