Clinical Pharmacist-Led Interventions In Cardiovascular Diseases: Enhancing Medication Adherence, Safety, And Patient Outcomes

Abstract

Clinical pharmacist-led interventions had emerged as a cornerstone in optimizing the management of cardiovascular diseases [CVDs], which remained the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. This review evaluated the impact of pharmacist-driven strategies on medication adherence, therapeutic safety, and overall patient outcomes. Pharmacists had played a critical role in individualized patient education, medication therapy management, and adherence reinforcement, particularly among patients with hypertension, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. Pharmacist-led initiatives such as medication reconciliation, adherence monitoring, polypharmacy review, and patient counseling had significantly reduced adverse drug events and improved clinical outcomes. Collaborative care models that integrated pharmacists into multidisciplinary cardiovascular teams had demonstrated enhanced blood pressure and lipid control, improved treatment persistence, and reduced hospital readmissions. Digital health technologies, including telepharmacy and mobile-based adherence tracking, had further strengthened patient engagement and continuity of care. Despite these benefits, challenges such as resource limitations, interprofessional barriers, and lack of standardized outcome measures persisted. The incorporation of Artificial Intelligence [AI], predictive analytics, and personalized adherence algorithms was anticipated to further refine pharmaceutical care delivery in cardiovascular medicine. Overall, pharmacist-led interventions had proven to be a cost-effective and evidence-based approach to improving medication safety and therapeutic success in cardiovascular disease management.