Genetic Predictors of Adverse Drug Reactions in Common Medications Prescribed in Family and Dental Practice

Abstract

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) pose a significant challenge in both family and dental practices, leading to patient harm, reduced treatment compliance, and increased healthcare costs. This systematic review explores the role of genetic predictors in influencing ADRs to commonly prescribed medications, including opioids, NSAIDs, antibiotics, anticoagulants, and local anesthetics. The review analyzes 24 high-quality studies published between 2009 and 2025, identifying key pharmacogenetic markers—such as CYP2D6, CYP2C9, VKORC1, HLA-B*57:01, and RYR1—that significantly affect drug metabolism and safety. The findings emphasize that genetic polymorphisms can predict individual drug responses and reduce adverse outcomes through personalized therapy. However, the implementation of pharmacogenetic testing remains limited due to cost, awareness, and infrastructural barriers. The review recommends integrating genetic screening into high-risk prescribing, enhancing provider education, and linking genetic data to clinical decision support systems to promote safer and more effective care in primary and dental settings.