Comprehensive Management and Infection Prevention in Central Venous Catheters: A Guide for Clinical Practice

Abstract

Intravascular catheters are essential for critically ill patients, enabling safe administration of medications, fluids, and hemodynamic monitoring. However, they pose risks of systemic and localized bloodstream infections. This review examines the types of central venous catheters (CVCs), complications associated with their use, and evidence-based practices for catheter management to prevent infections. Complications range from minor issues like occlusions and unintentional removals to severe problems such as phlebitis, infections, and skin damage. Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI) is a serious complication influenced by patient, catheter, and institutional factors, with incidence rates of 1-3.1 per 1,000 patient days in adult intensive care units. In Saudi Arabia, a study found a 39.3% complication rate, with phlebitis being the most common (17.6%). Proper CVC management is crucial, focusing on dressing changes, disinfection, assessing patency, flushing, connector usage, blood sampling, and removal techniques. Adherence to evidence-based guidelines and standardized protocols is essential for preventing complications. Nurses' knowledge and institutional practices play a significant role in reducing catheter-related infections. Further research and consistent implementation of best practices are necessary to minimize the risks associated with intravascular catheters and improve patient outcomes.