Infection Control Measures for Health Care Workers to Prevent Airborne Infection

Abstract

Respiratory infections pose a significant threat to healthcare workers, as evidenced by the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Traditional infection control measures have been based on the assumption that most respiratory pathogens are transmitted through large respiratory droplets. However, recent advancements in aerosol science have challenged this paradigm, demonstrating that infectious aerosols are primarily composed of small particles (<5 μm) that can remain suspended in the air for extended periods. This article critically examines the scientific literature on infectious aerosols and discusses the implications for infection control practices in healthcare settings. Studies utilizing advanced sampling techniques have consistently identified pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, influenza viruses, and SARS-CoV-2 in small particle aerosols generated by coughing and exhaled breath. These findings underscore the need for healthcare workers to be protected against exposure to potentially infectious aerosols, particularly when in close proximity to patients. While surgical masks offer some protection, filtering facepiece respirators and powered air-purifying respirators provide superior respiratory protection. However, the effectiveness of these devices depends on proper fit and use. Environmental controls, such as adequate ventilation and air disinfection systems, are also crucial for mitigating the risk of airborne transmission. To effectively protect healthcare workers and reduce the spread of respiratory infections, infection control strategies must be revised to address the predominance of small particle aerosols and incorporate a multifaceted approach that includes personal protective equipment, administrative controls, and environmental measures. Further research is needed to optimize protective equipment, develop rapid diagnostic tools, and better understand the factors influencing aerosol transmission dynamics.