Combating Healthcare-Associated Infections by Healthcare workers: A Comprehensive Review of Infection Prevention and Control Measures

Abstract

Healthcare-associated infections HAIs remain a significant global challenge, with a prevalence of 6.5% in acute care hospitals and 3.9% in long-term care facilities in the European Union and European Economic Area. The burden is even higher in low- and middle-income countries, where infection rates can reach up to 25%. HAIs lead to increased morbidity, mortality, prolonged hospitalizations, and escalating healthcare costs. A point-prevalence survey conducted in Saudi Arabian hospitals revealed an overall HAI prevalence of 8.2%, with surgical site infections, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and respiratory tract infections being the most common. Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were the predominant pathogens. Infection prevention and control IPC strategies, including transmission-based precautions and adherence to guidelines, are crucial in reducing HAIs. However, challenges such as inadequate training, lack of awareness, and limited compliance hinder effective implementation. Technological advancements and infection surveillance systems play a vital role in strengthening IPC measures. Recommendations to reduce HAIs include enhancing education and training for healthcare workers, implementing robust surveillance systems, reinforcing hand hygiene protocols, ensuring proper disinfection and sterilization, addressing overcrowding, and fostering a culture of accountability and collaboration. By prioritizing comprehensive IPC strategies, healthcare institutions can significantly minimize the burden of HAIs and improve patient safety outcomes.