The Role of the Oncology Nurse in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Management in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma HCC is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with a particularly high burden in the Saudi Arabia. The pathogenesis of HCC is multifactorial, with chronic hepatitis B virus HBV and hepatitis C virus HCV infections being the primary risk factors. Other contributing factors include cirrhosis, alcohol consumption, aflatoxin B1 exposure, advanced age, male gender, obesity, and diabetes. The complex interplay between these risk factors creates a pro-carcinogenic environment that promotes the development and progression of HCC. Despite the availability of various interventions, the prognosis for HCC remains poor, emphasizing the importance of prevention and early detection. Universal HBV vaccination, particularly in endemic regions, is the most effective strategy for reducing HCC incidence. Additionally, public health measures targeting other modifiable risk factors, such as alcohol consumption, obesity, and diabetes, are crucial. Surveillance and screening programs utilizing ultrasonography and serum alpha-fetoprotein testing are recommended for high-risk individuals to facilitate early detection. The management of HCC requires an individualized approach based on tumor stage, liver function, and patient characteristics. Treatment options include surgical resection, loco-regional therapies, systemic therapy, and liver transplantation. Oncology nurses play a vital role in HCC prevention and management through public education, patient advocacy, and support for caregivers. Strengthening nursing education, research, and interdisciplinary collaboration is essential to optimize HCC management in the Saudi Arabia.