The role of nursing in Palliative Care Approaches for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease; Review

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health crisis, affecting millions of individuals and presenting significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. Defined as a progressive and usually irreversible decline in kidney function over months or years, CKD can lead to numerous health complications, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, and ultimately end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), which may necessitate dialysis or transplant (1, 2). The prevalence of CKD is alarmingly high, with estimates suggesting that approximately 14% of adults globally are affected (3). This progressive condition not only diminishes kidney function but also profoundly impacts patients' quality of life due to the multifaceted symptoms associated with kidney deterioration, which include fatigue, pain, pruritus, depression, and a host of other psychological and physical burdens (4). Moreover, as CKD advances, the disease trajectory often leads to complex decision-making regarding treatment options, end-of-life care, and patient autonomy. In this context, palliative care becomes essential—not just at the end stages of disease but throughout the entire continuum of CKD management. Palliative care is a specialized approach that enhances quality of life by providing relief from suffering, addressing patients' psychosocial needs, and assisting with difficult medical decisions. It is an integral aspect of care for individuals living with CKD, who may face complex symptoms and require comprehensive support systems to navigate their illness effectively (5).