Emergency Medical Services and Emerging Challenges in Saudi Arabia: A Comprehensive Review of Current and Future Crisis Management Strategies

Abstract

This overview explores the state of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in Saudi Arabia, focusing on historical development, current practices, emerging challenges, and future directions. Initially, the review traces the evolution of EMS from its beginnings in Makkah in the early 20th century, shaped by the needs of Hajj and Umrah pilgrims, to the establishment of the Saudi Red Crescent Authority in 1963. The development of paramedic education and the professional recognition of EMS in the Kingdom are also discussed. The current EMS system in Saudi Arabia is critically assessed, examining infrastructure, workforce, regional disparities, funding, and challenges related to response times, as well as its integration into the broader healthcare system. The review highlights the impact of urbanization, changing disease patterns, and climate change on EMS capabilities, emphasizing the need for adaptable crisis management strategies. Technological innovations, interagency coordination, and community engagement are identified as key strategies to enhance EMS performance and resilience. Finally, recommendations for improving EMS are outlined, focusing on workforce development, technology integration, and public health preparedness to meet the evolving demands of Saudi Arabia’s healthcare landscape. The review underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and strategic planning to ensure that EMS can effectively respond to future healthcare crises.