Understanding Bed Sores: Pathophysiology and Nursing Interventions

Abstract

Bed sores, also known as pressure ulcers or decubitus ulcers, are localized injuries to the skin and underlying tissue that occur due to prolonged pressure, most commonly over bony prominences. The pathophysiology involves a complex interplay of factors, including pressure intensity, duration, and tissue tolerance. When pressure is applied to a specific area, it can constrict blood vessels, leading to ischemia and cell death if not relieved. Other contributing factors include moisture, friction, shear forces, and the patient's overall health status, such as nutrition and mobility. Understanding these underlying mechanisms is crucial for effective prevention and management of bed sores. Nursing interventions play a critical role in preventing bed sores and managing existing ones. Key strategies include regular repositioning of patients to relieve pressure, implementing skin assessments to identify early signs of tissue damage, and maintaining skin hygiene and moisture balance. Nutritional support is also vital, as adequate protein and caloric intake promote healing and tissue integrity. Additionally, utilizing appropriate support surfaces, such as special mattresses and cushions, can help distribute pressure more evenly. Education for both nursing staff and caregivers about the risk factors and signs of pressure ulcers is essential in creating a proactive care plan tailored to individual patient needs.