Impact of surgical smoke in health care worker in operating theatre

Abstract

Background:
Surgical smoke, produced during electrocautery, laser, and ultrasonic procedures, is a hazardous by-product containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, and potentially infectious particles. Chronic exposure to surgical smoke poses significant health risks, including respiratory issues, eye irritation, and long-term pulmonary conditions, yet remains under-studied in Saudi Arabia.
Methods:A cross-sectional study took place from December 2023 through June 2024, encompassing 158 healthcare professionals from the operating rooms of hospitals within the Health Cluster of Makkah Al-Mukarramah. The data collection process consisted of validated questionnaires, clinical assessments, and air quality measurements. Measurements of PM2.5, PM10, benzene, and formaldehyde levels were taken during surgical procedures, with corresponding health symptoms recorded. Regression analysis of multiple variables was conducted to determine the factors contributing to a decrease in respiratory function.
Results:The study revealed that 54% of participants were female, with nurses comprising the largest group (42%). Air quality assessments showed significant elevations of PM2.5 (89.3 ± 24.6 µg/m³) and benzene (0.8 ± 0.3 ppm) during procedures, exceeding baseline levels (p<0.001). Acute symptoms were prevalent, including eye irritation (78%) and respiratory tract irritation (72%), while chronic symptoms such as chronic cough (45%) and recurrent respiratory infections (38%) were more common among workers with >15 years of exposure. Regression analysis identified daily exposure duration (β = -0.42, p<0.001) as the strongest predictor of respiratory function decline, followed by cumulative exposure years (β = -0.38, p<0.001). Compliance with protective measures was suboptimal, with only 62% using N95 respirators.
Conclusion:Exposure to surgical smoke endangers the health of medical personnel in Saudi Arabia to a considerable degree. In spite of the fact that its risks are well-documented, the implementation of safety precautions is still insufficient. Installing smoke evacuation systems, enhancing personal protective equipment adherence, and educating staff are essential to reducing these hazards. Additional research is necessary to customise interventions for regional healthcare systems.