A Comprehensive Review of Strabismus: Diagnosis, Types, and Management Strategies

Abstract

Strabismus, a condition characterized by misalignment of the visual axes, affects approximately 1% to 3% of children and can arise due to a variety of factors, including systemic conditions, genetic predispositions, or cranial nerve palsies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the types of strabismus, with a particular focus on esotropia and exotropia. Key diagnostic techniques such as the Hirschberg method, Bruckner test, and cover testing are discussed, emphasizing their importance in initial evaluations. Treatment strategies range from conservative approaches, such as spectacles and vision therapy, to surgical interventions for persistent or severe cases. The review also highlights the impact of strabismus on binocularity, visual acuity, and quality of life in both pediatric and adult populations. Insights into cranial nerve palsies and their associated ocular motility disturbances are presented, underscoring the need for targeted diagnostic workups and multidisciplinary management. The discussion aims to equip clinicians with the knowledge necessary for effective diagnosis and treatment of strabismus across diverse clinical scenarios.