The Impact of epidemics on nursing workforce shortages and retention

Abstract

Epidemics have consistently exposed and exacerbated critical vulnerabilities in healthcare systems, with particularly profound effects on the nursing workforce. These crises place unprecedented demands on nurses, magnifying pre-existing challenges and introducing new obstacles that compromise workforce stability and the quality of care delivered. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the multifaceted impact of epidemics on nursing shortages, retention, and overall workforce resilience, drawing on historical and contemporary examples from crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Ebola outbreak. Key challenges highlighted include overwhelming workloads, heightened infection risks, insufficient protective measures, and inadequate organizational support. These factors collectively lead to high rates of burnout, psychological distress, and increased turnover intentions among nurses. Additionally, epidemics exert a significant psychological toll on nurses, manifesting as anxiety, depression, moral distress, and in severe cases, post-traumatic stress disorder. The review explores how these mental health challenges further exacerbate staffing shortages by driving experienced professionals out of the workforce. By analyzing the underlying causes and consequences of these challenges, the review emphasizes the critical need for comprehensive interventions to strengthen workforce resilience and safeguard the nursing profession during future health emergencies.