The Therapeutic Ability of Cluster of Differentiation Cd279 and Cd274 with B7 Homolog 1 Antibodies for Most Cancers Prevention: An Innovative Approaches in Immunotherapy

Abstract

Therapy aimed at CD279 or programmed cell death protein 1, along with its ligand B7 homolog 1 or PD-L1 has taken oncology to a significantly higher level and has introduced many promising avenues for enhanced responses of the immune system against tumors. This work studies the possibility of antibodies in preventive and therapeutic approaches against these molecules for different cancers. The cells involved in cancer evade this response by causing T-cell exhaustion through the CD279/B7 homolog 1 pathway. Monoclonal antibodies such as atezolizumab, durvalumab, and nivolumab disrupt this interaction, reactivating T cells and enabling the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells effectively. Although clinical studies have established efficacy in managing cancers like renal cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer, among others, challenges in the development of these molecules include toxicity, resistance, and patient-to-patient variability in their response. Apart from this, other biomarkers that have been studied for predicting therapeutic outcomes are tumor mutation burden and PD-L1 expression, which have demonstrated inconsistent clinical utility. Integration of CD279/B7 homolog 1 inhibitors with other treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, along with molecular agents, has shown that this enhances efficacy. Still, mechanisms of resistance include alteration in the tumor microenvironment and dysregulation of the immune system, among others. Despite these challenges, the development of immunotherapy has provided new opportunities for the fine-tuning of therapeutic strategies, the expansion of application scope, and possibly the prevention of cancer in at-risk populations. The optimization of these treatments and ensuring greater clinical benefit will require further research into biological mechanisms, predictive biomarkers, and therapeutic combinations.