The Use of Graphene in Dental Implants: A Review of Current Applications

Abstract

Titanium, the prevailing material in dental implantology, encounters challenges such as peri-implantitis and suboptimal osseointegration, potentially compromising long-term success. Graphene, a two-dimensional nanomaterial with exceptional properties, has emerged as a promising avenue for enhancing implant performance. This review comprehensively examines the current applications of graphene and its derivatives, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), in dental implants. We explore graphene's multifaceted role in augmenting osseointegration, combating bacterial infections, serving as a platform for drug delivery and biosensing, and reinforcing dental materials. Different incorporation methods, including coatings, composites, and functionalized membranes, are discussed, alongside their respective advantages and limitations. Finally, we address the challenges and future perspectives of graphene in dental implantology, underscoring the need for rigorous research, particularly clinical trials, to fully translate its remarkable potential into clinical practice.