The Role Of Laboratory Tests In Diagnosing Autoimmune Diseases

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are characterized by the immune system's malfunction, leading to the production of autoantibodies and subsequent damage to tissues, cells, and organs. The diagnosis of ADs remains challenging due to their multifaceted clinical manifestations and the lack of optimal diagnostic methods. Recent advancements in biosensor technology have introduced novel techniques for identifying molecules implicated in the onset and progression of these diseases. This review aims to emphasize the role of biosensors in the early diagnosis of ADs, focusing on their applications in the biomedical study of specific conditions such as myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, celiac disease, and Behcet's disease. The study highlights the potential of various biomarkers, including autoantibodies, microRNAs, and circulating RNAs, in unveiling the biological processes during the course of ADs. DNA-based and peptide-based biosensors are discussed as promising tools for detecting these biomarkers, offering advantages such as cost-effectiveness, rapid response times, and improved sensitivity. The review also explores the challenges associated with biosensor technology, including complex manufacturing processes, high costs, and limitations in analyzing real-world samples. Future perspectives emphasize the need for advancements in simplifying production, enhancing cost-effectiveness, enabling multiplex detection, and expanding applicability to real-world samples. The integration of biosensor technology could revolutionize the identification of specific biomolecules for diagnosing ADs, enabling targeted therapies and effective tracking of drug responses.