Oral Health and Systemic Disease: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Recommendations

Abstract

The dynamic relationship between oral health and systemic health has received considerable attention because of its impact on chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The oral cavity serves as a diagnostic mirror and contributor to systemic health through mechanisms such as chronic inflammation, microbial proliferation, and shared risk factors. The oral microbiome, a diverse ecosystem of microbial species, plays a critical role in maintaining health, but its dysregulation can lead to systemic inflammation and disease progression. This review explores the mechanisms linking oral health and systemic health, highlights the bidirectional nature of their relationship, and provides recommendations. Promoting integration between medical and dental practices is essential to improving patient outcomes and promoting a comprehensive approach to health care.