Theoretical Perspectives on Dental Fillings: Material Properties and Application Techniques: Clinical Study

Abstract

This study investigates the properties and application techniques of dental restorative materials, focusing on composite resin, glass ionomer cement, and amalgam. The methodology involved three phases: laboratory testing, polymerization shrinkage evaluation, and clinical durability analysis. Mechanical properties such as compressive and flexural strength were evaluated under standardized conditions, while water absorption rates were tested to assess environmental stability. Polymerization shrinkage was measured using the Archimedes method, providing insights into dimensional stability. A retrospective clinical analysis of restorations over one, three, and five years examined long-term performance.
The findings reveal that amalgam exhibits the highest compressive strength (300 MPa), excellent durability, and zero shrinkage, making it ideal for posterior load-bearing restorations. Composite resin, with superior flexural strength (120 MPa) and aesthetic appeal, is suited for anterior applications but requires techniques to mitigate its 2.5% shrinkage. Glass ionomer cement demonstrates moderate performance, offering benefits such as fluoride release and reduced shrinkage (1.8%), but is limited in load-bearing scenarios. Clinical outcomes showed amalgam’s superior longevity, while composite resin excelled in short-term success, and glass ionomer cement provided a balanced, functional alternative for specific cases.
These results underscore the importance of material selection based on the clinical scenario, emphasizing the need for further innovations in bioactive materials and precision application techniques. Advancements in CAD/CAM and 3D printing technologies also hold promise for enhancing efficiency and customization in restorative dentistry.