Identification of Novel Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Autoimmune Diseases: Review

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are complex disorders characterized by immune system dysregulation, often progressing silently before clinical symptoms appear. Early diagnosis is critical to prevent irreversible tissue damage and improve outcomes, but current diagnostic tools lack sensitivity and specificity for detecting preclinical stages. Advances in genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics have identified promising biomarkers, including genetic variants (e.g., HLA-DR4), autoantibodies (e.g., anti-CarP), cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α), and microRNAs (e.g., miR-155). These biomarkers enhance diagnostic precision, enable early intervention, and support personalized medicine. However, challenges such as disease heterogeneity, validation gaps, and implementation barriers persist. Addressing these issues through standardization, multi-omics integration, and global collaboration can unlock the full potential of biomarkers, transforming the early diagnosis and management of autoimmune diseases.