Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Insights into Pathophysiology and Treatment

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory condition characterized by persistent airflow obstruction, chronic inflammation, and episodes of acute exacerbations. Common clinical findings include dyspnea, wheezing, cough, increased sputum production, and reduced lung function. Risk factors encompass smoking, air pollution exposure, genetic factors, and impaired lung growth during childhood. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical examination, pulmonary function tests, and imaging studies. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classifies COPD severity into four stages based on airflow limitation. Management of COPD exacerbations requires a personalized, multifaceted approach tailored to the patient's clinical characteristics and comorbidities. Pharmacological treatments include bronchodilators (beta-2 agonists and antimuscarinics), corticosteroids, and antibiotics. Non-invasive and invasive ventilation strategies are employed to optimize oxygenation and ventilation. Smoking cessation remains the most effective intervention to alter disease progression and improve survival. Oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, immunization with pneumococcal vaccines, and appropriate discharge planning are essential components of comprehensive COPD management. In severe cases, lung volume reduction surgery and lung transplantation may be considered. Despite advancements in treatment, COPD remains a significant global health burden, necessitating ongoing research and development of innovative therapies to improve disease management and patient outcomes.