Updates in Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries in Early Childhood

Abstract

Dental caries in early childhood is a significant global public health issue, affecting children's health, quality of life, and development. This study aims to examine the epidemiological factors contributing to the prevalence of dental caries, explore evidence-based preventive measures, review contemporary management options, and analyze the role of community programs and policies in addressing this challenge. The prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) varies widely, influenced by socioeconomic status and access to dental care. Key risk factors include poor dietary habits, inadequate oral hygiene practices, and lack of caregiver knowledge. Recent advancements in diagnostic techniques, such as laser fluorescence and optical coherence tomography, enhance early detection of carious lesions, enabling timely intervention. The management of dental caries has shifted from traditional restorative approaches to preventive and minimally invasive strategies, emphasizing dietary education, fluoride treatments, and dental sealants. Innovative treatments like silver diamine fluoride and biomimetic materials further support caries management while preserving tooth structure. Community programs and policies play a crucial role in promoting dental health through initiatives that increase access to care, such as school-based dental programs and water fluoridation. These efforts are essential in reducing disparities and ensuring that all children receive the preventive care they need. This study underscores the importance of a multifaceted approach, combining individual, clinical, and community efforts to effectively combat dental caries in early childhood and improve overall oral health outcomes.