Intentional Analgesics Poisoning in Saudi Arabia from 2017–2021: A Retrospective Analysis of National Surveillance Data

Abstract

Background: Intentional analgesics poisoning poses a significant public health challenge globally, including in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to provide a comprehensive retrospective analysis of intentional analgesics poisoning cases in Saudi Arabia from 2017 to 2021 using national surveillance data.
Methods: A retrospective investigation was conducted utilizing national poisoning surveillance data obtained from the Chemical and Drug Safety Administration, Ministry of Health. The study population comprised all cases classified as intentional self-poisoning involving analgesic drugs during the specified period. Descriptive epidemiological analyses were performed using SPSS software to explore demographic variables, temporal trends, geographical distributions, types of analgesics involved, clinical presentations, management approaches, and outcomes.
Results: A total of 863 intentional analgesics misuse incidents were documented, with Saudi nationals accounting for 81% of cases and non-Saudi nationals comprising the remaining 19%. Notably, Syrians constituted the largest subgroup among non-Saudis. Abdominal symptoms were the most prevalent clinical presentation, with paracetamol being the predominant agent implicated in poisoning cases. Riyadh reported the highest incidence among regions. Adverse outcomes, including patient deterioration and one fatality, underscored the seriousness of intentional analgesics poisoning. Solid forms of medication and oral ingestion were predominant, emphasizing the importance of preventive measures. Antidotal treatments such as activated charcoal and N-Acetylcysteine were variably administered for clinical management.
Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the epidemiology and characteristics of intentional analgesics misuse in Saudi Arabia. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions, including regulatory measures, educational campaigns, and regional-specific prevention strategies, to mitigate the burden of intentional analgesics misuse and improve public health outcomes in the country.