The Role of Imaging Modalities in Diagnosis and Management of Intestinal Obstruction: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Intestinal obstruction is a prevalent surgical emergency characterized by the blockage of the gastrointestinal tract, which can result in significant morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed and managed promptly. The timely identification of the cause, location, and severity of the obstruction is crucial for effective treatment, and imaging modalities play a pivotal role in this process. This comprehensive review evaluates the various imaging techniques utilized in the diagnosis and management of intestinal obstruction, including plain radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonography. Plain radiography is often the first-line imaging modality due to its availability and cost-effectiveness, providing initial insights into bowel distention and air-fluid levels. However, its limitations in sensitivity and specificity necessitate further imaging. CT has emerged as the gold standard for diagnosing intestinal obstruction, offering high sensitivity and specificity, detailed cross-sectional images, and the ability to identify complications such as perforation or ischemia. MRI, while less commonly used, is valuable in specific scenarios, particularly in pregnant patients or those with contraindications to CT, due to its lack of ionizing radiation and excellent soft tissue contrast. Ultrasonography is a non-invasive alternative that is particularly useful in pediatric populations and cases where radiation exposure is a concern. Recent advancements in imaging technologies, such as point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), advanced CT techniques, and artificial intelligence (AI) integration, are enhancing the diagnostic capabilities and efficiency of imaging in intestinal obstruction. This review highlights the strengths and limitations of each imaging modality, their clinical applications, and emerging technologies in the field. By understanding the role of these imaging techniques, healthcare professionals can make informed decisions that optimize patient outcomes in the management of intestinal obstruction, ultimately reducing the risks associated with this critical condition.